贝类开壳技术与装备研究现状及发展趋势

摘 要:开壳是贝类加工中必不可少的一项重要工序,其效果直接影响着后续加工产品的品质。为了解目前国内外贝类开壳技术及装备的现状和存在的问题,本文对人工开壳、热力开壳、超高压开壳和微波开壳等贝类开壳技术与装备的研究进展和应用现状进行分析,对不同开壳方法的优缺点进行对比,对存在的主要问题进行归纳总结,并提出了解决方案,同时对贝类开壳技术与装备的发展趋势进行了展望,以期丰富贝类开壳加工理论基础,为贝类开壳技术创新和设备研发提供一定的参考和借鉴。

关键词:贝类;开壳;技术;装备;热力;超高压;微波

Current Status and Future Perspectives of Shellfish Shucking Technology and Equipment

OUYANG Jie, ZHANG Junwen, TAN Jiayu, SHEN Jian*

(Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Ocean Fishing Vessel and Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, National R&D Branch Center For Aquatic Product Processing Equipment, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract: Shucking is an indispensable step for shellfish processing. The shucking efficiency directly affects the quality of the subsequent processing. In order to gain insights into the current status and problems for the development of shellfish shucking technology and equipment in China and abroad, this article reviews the current shellfish shucking technologies and equipment such as manual shucking, thermal shucking, ultrahigh pressure shucking and microwave shucking and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The main problems existing in this area are summarized and some possible solutions are proposed. Furthermore, future trends are discussed. It is expected that this review can eich the theoretical basis of shellfish shucking and provide valuable information for technical innovation and new equipment development for shellfish shucking.

Keywords: shellfish; shucking; technique; equipment; heating; ultrahigh pressure; microwave

DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201805011

中图分类号:S985.3 文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-8123(2018)05-0064-05

引文格式:

欧阳杰, 张军文, 谈佳玉, 等. 贝类开壳技术与装备研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 肉类研究, 2018, 32(5): 64-68. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201805011. http://www.rlyj.pub

OUYANG Jie, ZHANG Junwen, TAN Jiayu, et al. Current status and future perspectives of shellfish shucking technology and equipment[J]. Meat Research, 2018, 32(5): 64-68. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201805011. http://www.rlyj.pub

贝类肉质鲜嫩、营养丰富,富含脂质、氨基酸及活性蛋白、糖類、微量元素等营养成分,具有改善血脂、抗疲劳、提高免疫力等功效,同时又较容易捕获,因此早在渔猎时代就已成为人类的重要食材,深受消费者的喜爱[1]。2016年,中国贝类总产量约1 529 万t,占渔业总产量的22%,是产量最大的大宗水产品之一。贝类的生产和销售具有较强的地域性和季节性,呈沿海多内陆少的分布模式,90%以上的贝类分布在沿海地区,以海水养殖居多,其中以牡蛎、蛤类、扇贝和贻贝的产量最大,占贝类总产量的80%以上,而广大内陆地区贝类的产量很低,只有淡水螺和珍珠蚌的养殖稍具规模[2-4]。由于贝类常年生活在水中或滩涂等湿润环境中,离水后存活时间较短,鲜活流通与贮运难度大,因此在贝类肉多肥美、集中上市的季节,单纯依靠鲜销无法消耗其巨大的产量,需及时进行加工处理[5-6]。目前,贝类加工产品主要有干制品和冷冻品,少数烟熏、加工成罐头和保健食品等,但无论加工成何种产品大多需要先进行开壳加工处理[7-8]。由于贝类具有非常强健的闭壳肌,因此将贝肉从壳中取出并不容易,加之贝类种类繁多、形状及大小各异,且机械通用性差,研发贝类开壳新技术、研制贝类开壳新装备是实现贝类规模化加工必须要解决的主要问题[9-10]。

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